Apparatus for storing the energy of ocean waves

ABSTRACT

A system is described for manufacturing hydrogen gas which utilizes the energy of surface waves in a liquid, such as an ocean. The system first converts the energy of surface waves to mechanical energy by apparatus comprising a buoyant helical member mounted for rotation about an axis. The pitch of the helical member can be matched to the length of the expected waves and the member is floated on the surface with its axis oriented so that each wave traverses the helix lengthwise and buoyantly supports successive sections thereof causing it to rotate about its axis. The helix is coupled with rotary driven means to an electrical generator, wherein the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy in the form of DC current which in turn is employed to electrolyze ocean water to produce hydrogen gas which may then be compressed or liquified, e.g. for storage and transportation.

This application is a continuation of my copending application Ser. No.687,678, filed May 19, 1976, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No.373,442, filed June 25, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,704; which is acontinuation-in-part of Ser. No. 148,775, filed June 1, 1971, forApparatus for Storing the Energy of Ocean Waves, now abandoned.

The present invention is concerned with the storage of the energy ofsurface or gravity waves of the ocean, and particularly to apparatus andmethods for converting the energy of ocean waves into compressed orliquified hydrogen.

With the steady depletion of limited natural reserves of fossil fuelssuch as coal, and more particularly oil and natural gas, it has becomeincreasingly important to find new techniques whereby hitherto large,relatively unused sources of power are tapped or converted. Further suchconversion should preferably be to forms compatible with present dayequipment that typically combust fuels.

Because it has long been recognized that the ocean represents atremendous and inexhaustable source of power, a large number ofsuggestions have been made to tap that power. For example, a number ofproposals have been made to harness ocean currents such as those whichrun in tidal bores. Other proposals have been made to generateelectrical power from the thermal differential between the very coldbottom water and sun-heated surface water. However, one of the largestsources of power latent in the oceans, is that provided by surface orgravity waves which represent the net interaction between the ocean andthe atmospheric convective forces largely created by the sun.

It has been found that in many sections of the world such as, forexample, the west coast of North America, waves approach the coast withgreat regularity and without interruption over extended periods of time.This has suggested that it might be economically feasible to constructapparatus for converting the available wave energy to a more useful formsuch as electricity. Other areas are known in which such wave patternsmay exist, but unfortunately such areas may be many hundreds of milesfrom the nearest coast or may be in remote and relatively unpopulatedareas of the world. Consequently, conversion of the ocean energy alsorequires transmission of the converted energy to areas where the poweris to be employed.

Waves in water may be termed "gravity waves" and while the waves movehorizontally at substantial speeds; e.g., thirty knots, the motion ofthe water itself is essentially circular or elliptical, except when thewave is caused to break. Wave energy conversion systems employedheretofore have utilized the vertical component of the water motionand/or water movement associated with breaking waves. Such systems areintermittent in their operation and/or have variable energy outputs,while the tremendous wave forces involved, particularly thoseencountered during storms or as a result of seismic disturbances, havenecessitated very substantial and expensive structures.

Another characteristic of ocean waves is their period or wavelengthwhich, over extended periods of time, may, in many locations, deviateonly slightly from a particular value. This is significant because ithas made possible the achievement of a primary object of the presentinvention, namely, the provision of a wave energy converter adapted tooperate continuously and provide a continuous and substantially constantenergy output. In the aforesaid co-pending application Ser. No. 148,775there is disclosed a wave energy converter that converts the motion ofthe water of each wave into a torque.

A primary object of the present invention is to provide a system forconverting kinetic wave energy into a store of potential energy. A morespecific object of the invention is to provide apparatus of the typedescribed adapted to utilize wave energy for producing liquified orcompressed hydrogen which can then be readily stored or distributed.

To effect the foregoing and other objects, the present inventiongenerally involves converting wave energy in a body, such as an ocean,into mechanical energy, utilizing apparatus comprising a buoyant helicalmember mounted for rotation about its helical axis and adapted to bepositioned such that the helical axis is oriented approximately alongthe mean direction of propagation of the waves. The helical member iscaused to rotate as the waves traverse the helix lengthwise. The helicalmember is coupled to an electrical generator wherein the mechanicalenergy of rotation is converted into electrical energy in the form of DCcurrent. The electrical energy formed is employed to electrolyze oceanwater to produce hydrogen gas which may then be liquified or compressed,e.g. for storage and transportation.

Other objects of the invention will, in part, be obvious and will, inpart, appear hereinafter.

The invention accordingly comprises the apparatus possessing theconstruction, combination of elements and arrangement of parts, whichare exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope ofthe application of which will be indicated in the claims.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention,reference should be made to the following detailed description taken inconnection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a somewhat schematic, elevational view, partially in section,and partially in perspective, illustrating a wave energy converterembodying the invention;

FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a buoyant helix adapted forincorporation in the apparatus of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a series of views illustrating operation of a buoyant helix ofthe invention; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation showing a system for producinghydrogen gas using the converter of the invention.

The wave energy converter of the invention is shown in the drawing ascomprising means adapted to be rotated directly by ocean waves and powerconversion means such as an electrical generator, coupled with the waverotated means and adapted to be driven thereby. The rotary, wave-drivenmeans include an elongated buoyant member 10 in the form of a helixmounted for rotation about the axis of the helix. Buoyant helical member10 is constructed so as to displace only a small portion of its volumeand may comprise, for example, a tube or it may be formed of a materialsuch as one of the expanded polymers, having a relatively low specificgravity. Member 10 may be self-supporting and rotatably mounted at itsends as shown in FIG. 1 or the helical member, designated 11 in FIG. 2may be coiled around a supporting shaft 12 and supported at regularintervals throughout its length.

As previously noted, over extended periods of time, the wavesapproaching a shore may be characterized by a substantially constantperiod and approach from substantially the same direction. If the periodis known or can be predicted accurately, then the wave length and wavevelocity are readily computed, being functions of the wave period. Forexample, it is not unusual to encounter waves having a period of tenseconds which means that the waves travel at a velocity of about thirtyknots or fifty feet per second and have a length of the order of fivehundred feet. The helical buoyant member 10 is designed to float on thesurface of the water with its helical axis oriented in the direction ofwave propagation such that each wave traverses the helical member fromend to end buoyantly supporting successive sections of the helicalmember.

In FIG. 3, there are three successive idealized views A, B, and C, of ahelix rotated about an axis X by a wave according to the presentinvention. In each view, the position of the wave crest is indicated bythe broken arrow marked W, the direction of wave propagation isindicated by the broken arrow marked M, and the direction of shaftrotation is indicated by the arrow marked S. It should be noted that asthe wave crest progresses from left to right successively from theposition shown in view A, to that shown in view B, to finally that shownin view C, the motion of the wave along M raises successive portions ofthe helical member, causing it to rotate about axis X.

In the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention, the pitch(length of a 360° section) of the helix will be at least approximatelyequal to the length of the expected waves and will be at least 360° inlength. By virtue of this construction, rotation of the helical memberwill be continuous since a wave will start to transverse the heliximmediately as the preceding wave has finished transversing the helixand successive waves will act on sections of the helix spaced 360° apart(the pitch length) so that the two lifting forces, converted into torqueby the helical member, act simultaneously and in the same direction.

The buoyant helical member may have any convenient cross-section such ascircular as shown in FIG. 1, or rectangular as shown in FIG. 2. However,it is important that the helical member have a substantially uniformcross-section or buoyancy, throughout at least 360° of its length sothat the torsional component of the force exerted on the helix by eachwave remains substantially constant as the wave traverses the helix. Inthis way, rotation of the helical member will be at substantiallyconstant speed as well as continuous, thus making the apparatus moreideally suited for driving means, such as an electrical generator,required to be driven continuously and at constant speed. The endsections of the helical member may be rounded or tapered to promotesmoother flow of the waves as they start and finish traversing thehelix.

The other components of the apparatus include means for mounting thehelical member for rotation about its axis. These means include a frameor supporting truss 14 in which are journaled shaft section 12 extendingfrom the ends of helical member 10, as shown in FIG. 1, or shaft 12(shown in FIG. 2) on which helical member 11 is supported.

In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the supporting truss may beeliminated and the helical member mounted for rotation at only one end.For maximum coupling of the helical member to the surface waves, thebuoyancy of the helix should be adjusted (by selection of materials,structural weighting or the like) so that in a calm sea, the helicalmember floats with approximately one-half above water and the other halfsubmerged, the helical axis thus lying in the plane of the watersurface. With such a structure, the helical axis will remain at meanwater level for waves of substantial amplitude. If the helical member iseither so light that it rides almost completely on the wave crests or soheavy that it is substantially neutrally buoyant and rides substantiallycompletely submerged, e.g. just below the wave crests, it will be seenthat little or no torque will be produced. The 50% buoyant condition ishalfway between these extremes and gives maximum torque and poweroutput.

The driven energy conversion components of the wave energy converterinclude electrical generator 16 coupled with the helix through asuitable transmission including, for example, speed-up gears 18. Thegenerator should be a unit which is capable of converting the mechanicalenergy of the helix into electrical energy in the form of d.c. current.Thus generator 16 may be a conventional d.c. current electricalgenerator, or it may be an a.c. current electrical generator, i.e. aso-called alternator. Obviously, if generator 16 is an alternator, itwill also be necessary to include a rectifier to convert the a.c.current into d.c. current. The generator gears are mounted and enclosedin a water-tight, buoyant housing 20 coupled with supporting truss 14 oradapted itself, to function as a support for one end of the helicalmember. Thus, the helical member, the supporting truss and the drivenpower generator may be constructed as a buoyant unit that can be movedthrough the water as any vessel. This permits the converter to bepositioned in the most favorable location, oriented as required withrespect to the direction of wave travel and moved to a safe place toavoid damage in the event of a storm or other disturbance.

When the pitch of the helical member matches the wave length, thehelical member is positioned with its axis parallel with the directionof wave travel. This can be accomplished by providing conventionalmoorings (not shown) and securing the converter to the moorings by meanssuch as lines 22. The converter may be oriented with either end locatedtoward the source of the waves while housing 20 may be constructed so asto provide minimum interference with wave travel particularly whenlocated toward the source of the waves as would be the case when thehousing itself functions as the support for one end of the helicalmember. Additionally, housing 20 may be provided with suitable ballast,a keel or the like, to prevent axial rotation (capsizing) of the housingand/or to assist in predeterminedly orienting the converter with respectto the direction of the wave travel.

Another advantage of the movable wave energy converter of the inventionmanifests itself in the situation in which the wave length is less thanthe pitch of the helical member. In this case, the rotary axis of thehelical member can be located at an angle with respect to the directionof wave travel such that the distance between wave crests, measuredalong the axis of the helix, is equal to the pitch of the helix. In thisway, a wave energy converter having a helical member with a fixed pitchmay be employed with waves having substantially shorter lengths.

The electrical energy produced by generator 16 is used to electrolyzethe ocean water to produce hydrogen gas. For example, as shownschematically in FIG. 4, the mchanism, such as is shown in FIG. 2,includes an electrolytic cell 24 connected electrically to generator 16.Cell 24 is of the type well known in the art for electrolyzing water andincludes an anode 26 and a cathode 28.

The electrolytic process consists in passing d.c. electrical currentthrough ocean water 30 at the proper voltage to effect decomposition ofsea water according to the following equation:

    2H.sub.2 O →2H.sub.2 ↑+O.sub.2 ↑(1)

Oxygen gas is produced at the anode 26, and hydrogen gas is produced atthe cathode 28.

The mechanism also includes collecting means 32 for collecting hydrogengas produced at the cathode. Connected to means 32 is gas compressingmeans such as a pump 34 for liquifying or compressing the hydrogen gasto reduce its bulk, and storage means 36 at the discharge end of pump34. If desired, another gas collecting means 38, pump 40 and storagemeans 42 can be coupled adjacent anode 26 for collecting and storingoxygen gas produced at the anode. Alternatively, the oxygen gas may bevented to the atmosphere or, if desired, the oxygen gas can be bubbledinto the sea water to improve the marine environment.

Cell 24 also includes a sea water intake line 44 in communication withthe sea water, and a liquid pump 46. The level of sea water in the cellmay be controlled by a float valve or the like (not shown) as will beobvious to one skilled in the art.

As is well known to one skilled in the art, the products of electrolysiswill depend on the concentration of various ions in the solution beingsubjected to the electrolysis, the nature of the electrodes and theapplied voltage. By way of example, ocean water comprises an appreciablequantity of chloride ions in solution. Now if an anode comprisingplatinum is immersed in a body of ocean water, the chloride andhydroxide ions will compete for removal of an electron. Less energy isrequired to discharge the hydroxyl ion; therefore, for a solutioncomprising hydroxide ions in excess over chloride ions, practically pureoxygen gas will be evolved, and little chlorine gas. However, when thechloride ions are in substantial excess over the hydroxide ions, asubstantial quantity of chlorine gas will be evolved at the anode. Forexample, in a 2.0 Normal chloride solution, substantially only chlorinegas will be evolved, while in a 0.02 Normal Cl⁻ solution substantiallyonly oxygen gas will be evolved. At intermediate concentrations, amixture of oxygen and chlorine gas is obtained. Sodium ions may interferwith hydrogen ions in similar manner at the cathode, except that sodiumions will tend to plate out on the cathode, rather than be evolved at agas. Ocean water typically comprises about 18,980 parts per million byweight of elemental chloride, predominantly in the form of chloride ion.This is only about 0.001 Normal chloride. Sodium ions are also presentin about the same concentration as chloride ions; other ions which mayalso potentially interfer with the electrolysis of water generally arepresent in ocean water in even smaller concentrations.

Thus it will be seen that by electrolysis of ocean water, the principalproducts will be hydrogen and oxygen gas which will be evolved at thecathode and at the anode respectively. However, as electrolysisproceeds, the water in the cell 24 will tend to change, and become moreconcentrated brine. Therefore, in order to avoid a situation where thewater being electrolyzed may contain sufficient concentrations of ionswhich may effectively compete with or interfer with hydrogen and oxygengas evolution, cell 24 should also include an outlet line 48 and aliquid pump 50 for removing the brine as it is produced in cell 24 anddischarging the brine back into the ocean. In actual practice, a steadyflow of "fresh" ocean water may be maintained through the cell, althoughit will be obvious to one skilled in the art, that it may be sufficientmerely to periodically flush the cell with fresh ocean water.

Pumps 34, 40, 46 and 50 may be coupled to shaft 12 via suitabletransmission means (not shown), or the pumps may be driven utilizingelectrical current produced by generator 16.

The electrolysis cell 24, storage means 36 and 42, and pumps 34, 40, 46and 50, etc. may all be fastened to the converter unit, e.g., by anextension of frame 14 or the like.

The hydrogen and oxygen gas produced at the cathode and anoderespectively are typically 99+% pure which makes the gases produced bythis invention particularly useful in many industrial applications. Forexample, the hydrogen gas produced by this invention may be used forhydrogenation of edible oils and the like, or the hydrogen and oxygengases may be used as fuels in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Preferably,however, the hydrogen gas may be used for its fuel value, i.e. incombustion. Thus it is seen that the instant invention provides a systemfor changing ocean wave energy into a storable form of energy.

While the wave converter shown and described is designed to float as aunit on the surface, other embodiments including fixed components areconsidered to fall within the scope of the invention. For example, thesupporting truss 14 and/or the housing 20 for the driven power (torque)converter may be buoyed or supported independently of the helical memberso that the latter is suspended at its ends at the proper height abovethe water surface. In embodiments of this type, the supporting truss 14and/or housing 20 may be mounted so as to be movable only vertically asrequired to compensate for tide changes and/or variation in waveamplitude. For example, the helical member and/or driven power convertercan be mounted on fixed structures mounted on the sea floor andproviding for raising and lowering of the helical member as required toposition it with a section immersed in the water, or remove it from thewater to avoid storm damage. Such fixed structures preferably will alsoincorporate means for changing the axial direction of the helical memberas necessitated by changes in wave direction and length.

The wave energy converter may be constructed essentially as shown, butwith a plurality of helical members mounted on the same supporting framein side-by-side, parallel relation.

It will be apparent from the foregoing description that the wave energyconverter of the invention may never be required to withstand the fullforce of waves as in the case of wave energy converters which causewaves to break, utilize the energy of breaking waves or are located inthe region of breaking waves. For this reason and as a result of itsmobility, the construction is relatively light and inexpensive ascompared with structures which are immobile and, as a result, aresubjected to and are designed to withstand severe wave conditions.

The wave converter is responsive to both the horizontal motion of thewaves as well as the vertical motion of the water itself so thatrotation and energy output are both continuous and substantiallyconstant even though waves arrive at intervals.

Since certain changes may be made in the above apparatus withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention herein involved, it isintended that all matter contained in the above description or shown inthe accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and notin a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen gas from seawater, said apparatus comprising in combination:means for converting themotion of gravity waves in sea water to electrical energy in the form ofDC current and including an elongated buoyant member curved about anaxis to form a helix of a predetermined pitch, and means for mountingsaid helical buoyant member for rotation about said axis, said means formounting including means for suspending said helical buoyant member soas to enable said member to float partially submerged with respect tothe crests of said gravity waves, with said axis disposed at an acuteangle with respect to the approximate mean direction of propagation ofsaid waves such that the distance between wave crests with respect tosaid axis is substantially equal to said pitch, and means forelectrolyzing a quantity of sea water using said electrical energy, toform hydrogen gas.
 2. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said meansfor converting further comprises:generating means coupled with saidhelical member for rotation thereby in response to rotation of saidmember so as to produce said electrical energy.
 3. Apparatus as definedin claim 2 wherein said electrical energy generating means comprises aDC current generator.
 4. Apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein saidgenerating means comprises an alternator, and a rectifier for convertingthe output of said alternator to DC current.
 5. Apparatus as defined inclaim 2 including means for collecting and for compressing said hydrogengas.
 6. Apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said means forcompressing comprises a pump coupled to said helical member to be driventhereby.
 7. Apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said means forcompressing comprises a pump coupled to said electrical energy means tobe driven thereby.
 8. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said meansfor electrolyzing also forms oxygen gas, and including means forcollecting and compressing said oxygen gas.
 9. Apparatus as defined inclaim 1 wherein said means for electrolyzing comprises an electrolyzingcell, and including means for flowing a quantity of sea water throughsaid cell.
 10. Apparatus as defined in claim 9 wherein said means forflowing comprises pump means.
 11. Apparatus as defined in claim 10wherein said pump means are coupled to said electrical energy to bedriven thereby.
 12. Apparatus as defined in claim 10 wherein said pumpmeans are coupled to said helical member to be driven thereby. 13.Apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen gas from sea water, said apparatuscomprising in combination:means for converting the motion of gravitywaves in sea water to electrical energy in the form of DC current andincluding an elongated buoyant member curved about an axis to form ahelix of a predetermined pitch, and means for mounting said helicalbuoyant member for rotation about said axis, said means for mountingincluding means for suspending said helical buoyant member so as toenable said member to float partially submerged with respect to thecrests of said gravity waves, with said axis disposed substantiallyparallel to the approximate mean direction of propagation of said wavessuch that the distance between wave crests with respect to said axis issubstantially equal to said pitch, and means for electrolyzing aquantity of sea water using said electrical energy, to form hydrogengas.